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Reinfection Time Series

This dashboard shows the first infection dates of patients reinfected in any particular month. Users can also gain insights into the length of time between initial diagnosis and reinfection for patients.

Select a Topic to Explore:

Total COVID+ Patients in the N3C Data Enclave, or patients who have had, a laboratory-confirmed positive COVID-19 PCR or Antigen test, a laboratory-confirmed positive COVID-19 Antibody test, or a Medical visit in which the ICD-10 code for COVID-19 (U07.1) was recorded

8.91M

Data as of Oct 10, 2024 (v185)

* See Limitations Below
Total Patients Reinfected
390.02K
Reinfected Patients Count
9.81K
Seven Day Rolling Average - Monthly Max Count
46.45K

Select a Reinfection Month or

Select Any Month on the Slider and Click Play to Start at that Date
2020FebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2021FebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2022FebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2023FebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2024FebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec2025FebMarAprMayJun

1st Infection Counts By Date for Patients Reinfected in Month, Year

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Sample: COVID+ patients , or patients who have had a laboratory-confirmed positive COVID-19 PCR or Antigen test  in the N3C Data Enclave with more than one positive PCR or Antigen test 60 days or more apart. Patients were aggregated into cohorts based on their reinfection month and year. This cohort was then assessed for the month and year of any previous infection. For example, suppose the reinfection date is set to February 2022. In that case, the graph will display the counts of patients diagnosed with their first infection at least 60 days before that date (December 2021) by the month they experienced their first infection. For additional information, see limitations below.

This data contains COVID+ patients in the N3C Data Enclave who have had more than one positive PCR or Antigen test at least 60 days apart.

 

A COVID-positive patient is defined as any patient having one of the following within their EHR records:

  1. Laboratory confirmed positive COVID-19 PCR or Antigen test
  2. Laboratory confirmed positive COVID-19 Antibody test
  3. Medical visit in which the ICD-10 code for COVID-19 (U07.1) was recorded
    • Condition diagnosis patients have no record of a positive PCR/Antigen or Antibody test within their EHR; however, they were diagnosed with COVID due to the symptoms they displayed.

A reinfected patient is defined as any patient who had more than one positive PCR or Antigen test 60 days or more apart.

  • If a patient had multiple tests, but any of those tests were not at least 60 days apart, they would be excluded.
  • The number of reinfected patients may be higher in actuality as:
    • Patients who were diagnosed based only on a positive Antibody test or condition diagnosis would be excluded.
    • Patients may not have had their COVID-19 illness addressed by our partners or not have sought medical care at all.

General Enclave Limitations

  • “Sicker” patients will likely be overrepresented within the N3C Data Enclave, as sicker patients will more often seek out and receive care at clinical centers.
  • The N3C may have multiple contributors to data “missingness”. Clinical facts and events that occur in the real world may not be captured for reasons including:
    • The event was recorded at a clinical site that does not contribute data
    • Data is not yet linked across sites
    • Medical records are inherently incomplete
  • Some of the external datasets that have been used for analysis cannot be fully mapped due to issues such as missing measurement units.
  • All dates within the Enclave have been shifted between -3 to 45 days to ensure that reidentification is not possible.
  • N3C data may not be representative of the entire US population
    • N3C does NOT have a representative sample of any state, as data is contributed from only a few providers in each region (Region - includes multiple states).
  • Cell sizes smaller than 20 people have been suppressed
  • For COVID+ patients: A patient is only counted once in this data, even if they have multiple positive tests over time. Except in instances where dashboards focus on reinfection, only dates of first infection are utilized.